Synonym ها  کلمات مختلفی هستن که دقیقاً معنی مشابه یا تقریباً یکسانی دارن، مانند male و man  یا third level education  و university

بسیاری از معلمان آیلتس، ، بر اهمیت استفاده از synonym در نوشته های شما تاکید می کنن. Synonym ها به ما کمک می کنن تا زبان خودمونو تغییر بدیم و به examiner نشون بدیم که دایره لغات گسترده ای داریم. با این حال، مترادف ها نیز بسیار خطرناک هستن، زیرا در صورت استفاده نادرست، نه تنها می تونن نمره شما رو برای vocabulary پایین بیارن، بلکه برای task response  و coherence .نیز می تونن امتیاز شما رو کاهش بدن.

Why use synonyms?

هنگامی که ما تسک رایتینگ آیلتس و میخوایم انجام بدیم، کلمات کلیدی خاصی تو سوال وجود داره و اگر ما همان کلمات رو بارها و بارها بنویسیم، رایتینگ ما خیلی تکراری به نظر می رسه. بنابراین برای اینکه رایتیتگ ما بهتر به نظر برسه از synonym استفاده می کنیم.

به عنوان مثال، اگر در متن سوال از ما بپرسن

‘Computers are being used more and more in education. Do you agree?’

باید از کلمات «computers» و «education» بارها در پاسخ خود استفاده کنیم. می‌توانیم به جای تکرار مکرر کلمه «computer» از کلمات «I.T.»، «laptop» یا «iPads» استفاده کنیم.

We should also paraphrase the question in our very first sentence when answering an IELTS Writing task and synonyms are one of the key ways of doing this.

در نهایت، می‌تونیم از مترادف‌ها استفاده کنیم تا به ممتحن نشان بدیم که دایره لغات گسترده‌ای داریم. اگر کلمات کلیدی یکسانی رو بارها تکرار کنین، به ممتحن نشون می‌ده که روش دیگری برای بیان اون کلمات نمی‌دونین و دایره vocab محدودی دارین.

What’s the danger?

The dangerous thing about synonyms is that people use them incorrectly or try too hard and force them into their essays.

هنگام استفاده از synonym ها ابتدا باید به معنی اونا فکر کنیم. معنی باید دقیقاً یکسان باشه.

 I do not encourage students to use synonyms that mean ‘nearly the same’ because it often leads to mistakes. 

Question: It is important that young children are taught art, drama and music, alongside more traditional subjects like maths and science. Do you agree or disagree?

Paraphrase: It is important that young people are taught extracurricular activities, alongside serious subjects like mathematics, biology and chemistry.

  این دانش آموز کلمات زیر رو با استفاده از synonym تغییر داده، اما همه ی اونا صحیح نیستن:  

young children – young people

art, drama and music- extracurricular activities

traditional subjects- serious subjects

مشکلی که این دانش آموز داره اینه که  از آنچه من "مترادف های اشتباه" می نامم استفاده کرده. اینها کلماتی هستن که واقعاً هم معنی یکدیگر نیستن و نتیجه اینه که شما در مورد چیزی کاملاً متفاوت  با صورت سؤال می نویسین. این منجر به نوشتن ایده های نامرتبط می شه و در نهایت باعث کاهش نمره تون میشه.   

For instance, ‘young children’ could mean people between the ages of around 1-10, but ‘young people’ can mean anything from 1-30 years of age. The question is focusing on young children and by using young people, you are talking about an irrelevant age group.

Another example is ‘extracurricular activities’, which means things you do outside of school, whereas the question relates to school subjects. The person who wrote this answer went on to mention ‘extracurricular activities’ several times in the rest of her essay and this meant she got a much lower score because she was talking about irrelevant ideas.

Question: The growth in crime among teenagers can be attributed to an increase in the use of violent video games.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Paraphrase: The rise of acts of violent in young ones are often viewed as being caused by the exposure to fierce audio-visual games.

This student has changed the following words:

crime- acts of violent

teenagers- young ones

violent- fierce

video games- audio-visual games

همه اینها اشتباه هست و مختص داوطلبی هست که احساس می کنه باید از مترادف استفاده کنه و به هر قیمتی از اونا استفاده می کنه، یعنی بیشتر نگران استفاده از مترادف ها هست تا اینکه جمله ای واضح و صحیح بنویسه.  «crime» به معنای همه  نوع جنایت هست و «acts of violence» به طور خاص جرم خشن است.

   ‘Young ones’ does not really mean teenagers and would never be used by a native speaker in an academic essay.   ‘Fierce’ does not mean the same things as ‘violent’. ‘Audio-visual’ might sound like high-level vocabulary, but you would never refer to ‘video games’ in this way. 

 بهتر بود این دانش آموز از کلمات و عبارات ساده تری استفاده می کرد یا فقط کلمه رو کپی می کرد. اگر 100% در مورد دستور زبان و معنای کلمه مطمئن نیستید، سعی نکنید به زور از اون استفاده کنین. بهتره کلمه رو  کپی کنین تا اینکه synonym  هایی و استفاده کنین که ازشون مطمئن نیستین .

Question: Today people are travelling more than ever before. Why is this the case? What are the benefits of travelling for the traveller?

In the question above, one of my students replaced the word ‘travelling’ with ‘commuting‘. She continued to use the word ‘commuting’ and ‘commute’ throughout the whole essay.

‘Commuting’ means specifically travelling to and from work every day. The result was that her whole essay was full of irrelevant ideas.

You should never take any chances with keywords from the question.

If it is a keyword that is crucial to the meaning of the question and your answer as a whole, only change it if you are 100% certain the meaning is exactly the same.

Alternatives to Synonyms

Instead of using synonyms, you can use the following things to vary your language:

   1-Examples

   2-Definitions

   3-Change the form of the word

اگر نمی تونین synonym خوبی در نظر بگیرین، می تونین به سادگی یک یا دو example  براش بنویسین. بنابراین در سوال بالا در مورد "computers"، گفتن "laptop " یا "tablet"کاملاً قابل قبوله.

همچنین اگر نمی تونین synonym ای پیدا کنین می تونین کلمه رو تعریف کنین. بنابراین برای مثال بالا درباره سفر، می‌تونین بگویید «people going from place to place». واضحه  که این بسیار طولانی تر از یک synonym ساده هست، اما گاهی اوقات نوشتن در مورد چیزی به زبان ساده بسیار آسان تر از فکر کردن به یک کلمه پیچیده است.

در نهایت، تغییر شکل کلمه یا عبارت همیشه قابل قبوله. بنابراین به جای تلاش برای یافتن مترادف «violent video games» می‌تونین بگین «video games that have violence».

All we have done is change the word from an adjective (violent) to a noun (violence).

یکی از موضوعات پرتکرار آزمون آیلتس که امروز می خوایم بهش بپردازیم، موضوع “استخدام   و آموزش” هست می باشد. لغات موضوعی ایلتس با این عناوین ممکنه در حالت های مختلف به عنوان سوال مطرح بشه.

اول بریم لغات مربوط به employment و باهم بخونیم:

1-Nine-to-five job

Relating to, or during the workday, especially the hours from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. when offices are characteristically open for business.

2-To seek a job

To look for a job

3-To employ

To give somebody a job to do for payment

4-Employment

Work, especially when it is done to earn money; the state of being employed

5-Employee

A person employed for wages or salary, especially at nonexecutive level.  

6-Unemployment

Not working.

7-Commute

To make the same journey regularly between work and home

8-Occupation

Formal way to say ‘job’.

9-Career

Working life or a particular job during one’s working life that gets better in terms of salary and position.

10-Profession

Any type of work which needs special training or a particular skill, often one which is respected because it involves a high level of education.

11-Salary / Wages

Money paid each month to an employee for their work.

12-Retire

To stop working because of old age or ill health.

13-Shift

The time worked in a job that is not normal hours.

14-Job security

If you have job security, your job is likely to be permanent.

15-Raise awareness

To make people more aware of or caring about an issue

16-Joblessness

A synonym for ‘unemployment’

17-Socio-economic changes

Changes relating to the society and economy of a country

 این لیست میتونه هم چنان ادامه داشته باشه. اما این و به خاطر بسپرین که دونستن تعداد کمتری کلمه اما کاربرد درست اونا میتونه خیلی بهتر از دونستن تعداد زیادی کلمه اما ندوستن کاربرد درست اون کلماته.

Education Vocabulary for IELTS

School work

 Qualifications: university & college

 People in education

You can also add other sub-topics such as school subjects (maths, geography, physical education, etc.) and other useful vocabulary (campus, scholarship, student loan, etc.) To extend your vocabulary sets, read articles on education and pick words or phrases that you can use on your IELTS, keep a dictionary and thesaurus handy and look for vocabulary activities on your IELTS preparation course book or online. And don’t forget to keep your vocabulary notebook (or notes) at hand whenever you’re studying for your IELTS. 

ممکنه تو آزمون آیلتس در بخش writing یا speaking و یا حتی دو بخش دیگه راجبه advertising ازتون اطلاعات بخوان. پس میخوایم امروز وکب مربوط به این موضوع و با هم بررسی کنیم.

اول بریم چند تا نمونه سوال در پارت 1و 2 و 3 اسپیکینگ ببینیم:

Examiner : Are there any TV channels in your country that don’t have adverts?

Loraine : No … they’re all commercial channels and show adverts all day long … too many really … and there’s also a lot of product placement going on … especially in soap operas where they place an item just behind the actors.

Examiner :Do you enjoy watching adverts on TV?

Karin: No … not really … I hate commercial breaks during a film … it really spoils the flow … and during prime time viewing they seem to squeeze even more ads in than usual … celebrity endorsements also get on my nerves … everyone knows they’re only doing it because they’re getting paid.

Examiner : What are the best ways for ordinary people to advertise something they want to sell in your country?

Marianne : The simplest way is to place an advert in something like the classified ads section of a local paper … or there’s the Internet of course … there are lots of sites like eBay where you can buy and sell things online.

style task

Describe an advert you once saw that was very effective.  You should say

• where this advert appeared
• when you saw it
• what it was advertising

and say why you thought it was so effective.

Max : OK … well this was about 4 years ago … I was looking for some software to create videos … one day I got an email from a mailing list I’d signed up to … there was a link in it to a press release … a company had written something about a new product that was similar to what I was looking for … at the end of the press release there was a link to the sales page … I hadn’t heard of the company but I was interested and clicked the link to the ad …. what caught my attention immediately were the number of testimonials from people who had bought the software … I think testimonials are like the online equivalent of word of mouth advertising and are really persuasive … anyway … when I got to the bottom of the page there was a great big call to action button inviting me to buy … I was totally persuaded and ended up making a purchase … what made it so effective I think was the power of those testimonials … they’d been written by people very much like me … they’d had a need and the software had obviously turned out to be just what they were looking for … when you think that this was a newish company they wouldn’t have had any brand awareness at all  … they probably wouldn’t have had much of a budget for advertising … obviously you wouldn’t advertise a product like this through the mass media on TV … they probably didn’t even have an advertising agency to support them …and yet they’d managed to create a great deal of brand loyalty from previous customers … I think that was really effective.

style questions

Examiner : What is it that makes an advert effective?

Spencer : Well … when a company launches a product they have to consider the Internet … especially how it can be used to spread the word on social media … so in this context a video that goes viral is probably the most effective type of advert you could make.

Examiner : What are the advantages to companies of advertising on the Internet rather than TV?

Stelios : I’d imagine the main advantage is you can reach your target audience much more effectively … if you bring out a niche product for example … or you have a tight advertising budget … you can advertise on particular sites that the people you want to reach visit … that’s not something you can do on TV.

Examiner : What things do advertising companies do that might give it a bad name? 

Raol : For me the most irritating is cold calling … we must get two or three of these every day at work … then there’s junk mail that gets posted through the letterbox … and of course the online equivalent of this … spam emails … I think it’s this kind of advertising that tends to annoy people.

خب حالا بریم اصطلاحا و تعاریفی که تو این زمینه هستن و با هم دیگه مرور کنیم:

Definitions

• advertising agency ➜  a company that creates adverts for other companies
• advertising budget ➜  the amount of money a company decides to spend on advertising
• brand awareness ➜  how well people know a particular brand
• brand loyalty ➜  the degree to which people continue to buy from the same brand or company
• buy and sell ➜ often used to refer to the buying and selling of items between individuals
  
• call to action ➜ something that encourages someone to take a particular action, such as making a purchase or clicking a link on a website
• celebrity endorsement ➜ to have a well-known person promote a product
• classified ads ➜ small advertisements often put in a newspaper or magazine by individuals
• to cold call ➜  to call someone with the aim of selling something without them asking you to do so
• commercial break ➜ the short period during TV programmes when advertisements are shown
• commercial channel ➜  TV channels that make money from showing advertisements
• to go viral ➜   to quickly become extremely popular on the Internet through social media
• junk mail ➜ unwanted promotional leaflets and letters
• to launch a product ➜to introduce a new product
• mailing list ➜ a list of names and contact details used by a company to send information and advertisements
• mass media ➜ large media outlets like TV, newspapers and magazines
• niche product ➜ a product that is aimed at a distinct group of people
• to place an advert ➜  to put an advert somewhere
• press release ➜ something written by a company for newspapers and magazines and websites to share and publish
• prime time ➜ the time during the viewing schedule when most people watch TV or listen to a broadcast
• product placement ➜  to advertise a product by using it as a prop in a TV show or film
• sales page ➜ a page specifically used to promote a product or service
• to show adverts ➜ to display adverts on TV
• social media ➜ websites that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking.
• spam email ➜   unwanted, promotional email
• target audience ➜  the people a company want to sell their product or service to
• word of mouth ➜ recommendations made by individuals to other individuals about a product of service

حالا به این مثال از بخش دوم اسپیکینگ آیلتس نگاهی بیاندازیم. این جواب میتونه نمره 8 بگیره.

sample question and answer

Describe an advertisement you have seen/heard recently
You should say:

• When and where you saw it
• What was advertised?
• What the contents of the advertisements were
• And explain how you felt about it

Band 8.5 Sample Answer

We have been bombarded with an array of information every single day. Whether it is newspaper, television or social media like Facebook or LinkedIn, news always has their own way to reach us. One of the most frequent pieces of news I have encountered these past few days was about Echelon Vietnam 2016 – Discover Asia’s Next Dragon.

As an avid Facebook user, I scroll down my newsfeeds board practically every 30 minutes to stay abreast of every latest action within my social network. Admittedly, there are some better things I can do but I just can’t help myself. Therefore, the fact that Echelon Vietnam 2016 repeatedly popped up on my newsfeed really caught my attention. Some of my friends were already “interested” in Echelon official page, others were even “going”. It piqued my interest so much that I paid a visit to their website to figure out what their gig was. As far as I am concerned, Echelon Vietnam 2016 this November is a 2-day international technology and investment event for entrepreneurs and business leaders within and outside Vietnam. It is appealing not only to big tech companies but tech savvy individuals as well. The event aims to reach out to foreign investors, raising funding opportunities and developing the tech and startup community in Vietnam in the era where tech disruptions are leading almost every industry. With some of the most brilliant and world-class speakers, attendees are going to get some food for thought and inspiration during and after the event.

I personally believe that this could be a golden opportunity for Vietnam to shine as a promising land where young and talented engineers, developers and entrepreneurs are thriving non-stop toward a better future, a better life within Vietnam and beyond. If I am able to schedule my time and afford the tickets, I will definitely be there to enjoy the vibe and explore many potentials in this rising industry.

What is collocation?

In the English language, collocation refers to a natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other. Some examples are "pay attention", "fast food", "make an effort", and "powerful engine".

شما میدونین کالوکیشن چیه؟

وقتی دو یا چند کلمه بارها در کنار یکدیگر به کار میرن اونارو کالوکیشن (Collocation) یکدیگر در نظر می‌گیرن.

این کلمه در فارسی به همایند ترجمه شده که اتفاقاً واژه‌ی گویایی هم هست: «کلمه‌هایی که با هم می‌آیند»

مثال‌ها زیادن. اما برای کسی که آشنایی چندانی با زبان انگلیسی نداره، ممکنه Heavy rain و Strong rain هر دو درست به نظر برسن.

یا اینکه نتونن به سادگی حدس بزنن که قهوه‌ی سنگین را باید Bitter coffee بگن یا Heavy coffee یا Strong coffee.

شبیه همین مثال رو می‌تونیم درباره‌ی Making a mistake و Doing a mistake هم مطرح کنیم.

 پیدا کردن مثال کالوکیشن اصلاً دشوار نیست.

صرفاً کافیه کلمه‌ها یا ترکیب‌هایی رو که بارها پشت‌هم و در کنار هم دیدین به خاطر بیارین:

Types of collocation

There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:

• adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
• adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
• noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
• noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
• verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
• verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
• verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)

Sample Collocations

There are several different types of collocation. Collocations can be adjective + adverb, noun + noun, verb + noun and so on. Below you can see seven main types of collocation in sample sentences.

1. adverb + adjective

• Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.
• We entered a richly decorated room.
• Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

2. adjective + noun

The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.

• The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.
• He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

3. noun + noun

• Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause.
• The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am.
• I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

4. noun + verb

• The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.
• Snow was falling as our plane took off.
• The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

5. verb + noun

The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.

• I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.
• He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

6. verb + expression with preposition

• We had to return home because we had run out of money.
• At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.
• Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

7. verb + adverb

• She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.
• Mary whispered softly in John's ear.
• I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

اگر این مطلب واستون کاربردی بود حتما لینک و واسه دوستاتون هم بفرستین تا با مطالب ما آشنا بشن.